Asian American Essay Example for Free

Asiatic American EssayAmerica has grown very more than over the past couple of years when it comes to the representations of race, gender, class and sexuality. In America today mankindy people ar aw atomic number 18 of the issues that different people defy faced and the problems they are currently dealing with. Breaking a stereotype is a hard thing to do for any minority but it has been curiously hard on the Asian community. From the early days of media Asian work force and women have been portrayed a very specific way in spud and television. In the 1950s and 1960s Asian women were portrayed as sexual objects, they were evil goddesses with slanted eyes or smiling, cunning, sexual deviants.This objectified Asian women to only 2 choices, be naive and hopeless or untrus devilrthy and devious. Now a days the media has obviously tried to eliminate these stereotypes. Their attempts have worked to some extent but there still are not many big name Asian women actresses. One of the biggest Asian actresses in Hollywood is Lucy Liu. Although is she a very booming actress all of her roles are very sexual. Is this a good or bad thing for the Asian community? Yes she is very famous but is she playing obligation into Asian women being sexually exploited in the media.Asian males have faced a very similar problem over the years. Although the term Asian American covers about 30 different ethnicities, in the media they are almost all portrayed in the same way. In the early days of American media you barely saw any Asian males on T. V. One of the most prominent Asian extensions on T. V. in the early 30s and 40s was the character of Charlie Chan. Charlie Chan was a detective who appeared in over 40 different films, his character was very wise, smart and witty. The only problem was this Asian character was played by three different white actors over the years.The reasoning behind this was that all the good characteristics Charlie Chan had were because the actors wer e white and all of his negative characteristics were due to the item that the character was Asian. Once again in todays society we have progressed significantly since the days of Charlie Chan. However Asian males today have been predominantly reduced to two major roles. One of these two roles is pretty easy to figure out, that role would be the kung foo action role. If I said, name a couple of Asian American actors the first that come to mind are Jackie Chan and or Bruce Lee.Everybody knows or has seen a couple of the films these two stars have been in. An otherwise role is the role of the villain. Many Asian characters do not have big roles unless they are the bad guy. They are often linked with gang activities such as prostitution, gambling and murder. Here are some examples of these stereotypes and representations. The first one is the exposure trailer for The World of Suzie Wong. This mental picture is about an American writer who is struggling in life and falls in love with a Chinese prostitute.Although it is a love story and Suzie Wong is the main character you can just tell by the trailer what American men think of Asian women at the time. www. youtube. com/watch? v=jnepiAcqb_g The next clip is a more modern movie. It stars Lucy Liu who is a very successful Asian actress. This movie is obviously a step forward, in the 1960s an Asian woman fighting crime would have been thought of as blasphemous. Although her role in this movie is a strong woman who fights crime there is still a little bit of sexual objectivity here and in many other scenes of the movie.www. youtube. com/watch? v=cjyqWsrpQAA This next image is an image of Charlie Chan.You can tell by the picture that the actor that plays Charlie Chan is white. They use make up and he dialog with an accent to make the character Asian. This truly makes no sense to me at all. The character is Asian but could not be played by an Asian because his good values would not seem realistic, but all of the negat ive qualities he has is because the character is of Chinese decent. http//beyondmediaonline. com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/chan. jpg.This next clip is from Rush Hour 3 and it pretty much plays into all the stereotypes I was talking about before. Jackie Chan is the star of this movie and he is a detective who specializes in military arts and the man they are interrogating in this scene is a French/Asian gangster. Now once again not every Asian actor is a martial arts star or portrays a gangster in a movie now a days. It just seems that the major roles Asian actors get are ones like this. http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=tfEZwRukZOo Nittle, N. (2013). Asian American Stereotypes. Retrieved from http//racerelations.about. com/od/hollywood/a/Five-Common-Asian-american-Stereotypes-In-Tv-And-Film. htm Is Lucy Liu a heroine or a curse? (2003, January 29). Gold Sea Asian American Daily. Retrieved December 4, 2007, from http//goldsea. com/Air/Issues/Liu/liu. html. Chan, C. (1988). Asian Ste reotypes. Retrieved from Chan, C. (1988). Asian American women The psychological responses to sexual exploitation and cultural stereotypes. The Politics of Race and Gender in Therapy. Ed. Lenora Fulani. Haworth, 31-38.

Peers paper on Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Essay Example for Free

Peers make-up on Health perplexity Provider and Faith assortment EssayPlease find attached Rimas account. Here atomic number 18 the assignment instructions for the peer reviewYour instructor will assign and send you a peers paper on Health Cargon Provider and Faith Diversity. Your job is to critic on the wholey read the assignment and make corrections/comments using track changes and comments in Microsoft Word. Be sure to assess the paper using the following criteria1. Does the paper provide sufficient evidence for its hypothesis or claim?2. Does the flow of the paper and sentence structure make sense?3. Should it be organized in a different manner?4. Are all the items listed in the assignment guidelines and title of respect covered and in sufficient depth?This assignment uses a grading title of respect. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assign ment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.Please submit your completed peer review assignment standardised to your submission of previous essays, rather than replying here in the Individual Forum. The purpose of this paper is to identify and elaborate the characteristics of a mend purlieu, challenges and barriers associated in instituting the atmosphere for sound uncomplaining outcomes that will non only treat the patient illness but to patron the patients to heal as a whole and biblical public life that support the concept of meliorate hospital from a nursing perspective. According to Florence Nightingale nurses role is to provide external environment and fosters inborn environment necessary to heal the patients. We as nurses asshole manage the health and wellbeing of our patients and their families by providing them high quality, kindhearted carry on that will collaborate with care of the body, mind and spirit which in turn results in ef fective patient healing.Benefitsacquired from creating a healing environment has led many hospitals to integrate features that will care lessen stress associated with the illness and promote healing for patient and the family. Healing is non curing an illness by treating the symptoms, eradicating distemper or following word plan as, a lot of period you are cured but not healed. An example that describe this concept is a person with a continuing illness such as cancer, is dispassionate despite of her illness, loss of function rather than grieving for her illness and angry as she has healed from cancer. Healthy healing environment is meant to promote harmony of mind, body and spirit by providing a patient centered care that fulfills the ghostly, social and physical inescapably of patients. This idea of healing hospital will lower the cost of healthcare, by focusing on limited needs of the patients and create a better healing environment by reducing stressors in the hospitals which be later described in the paper.We as nurses play an important role in addressing the spiritual needs of our patients and incorporating this spiritual needs in plan of care will help facilitates the coping mechanism in our patients. Here in this Paper we are going to discuss or so Mercy Gilbert Medical centre which is one of the famous healing hospital which has three key components that facilitates healing that is related to spirituality. Three key character reference of this healing atmosphere are as follows 1) A healing physical environment which includes implementing measures to keep the environment quiet to promote love-in-idlenessful sleep that help in faster recovery by reducing the sources of noise such as eliminating over head paging or only in term of emergencies by carrying wireless for direct connection, soundproofing with sound absorbing ceiling, avoiding loud cleaning machines rolling down long hallways or replacing patient care areas with carpets and inst all silencer to cleaning machine prevent noise created by it (Eberst, 2008).Prevention of stressors such as noise, glare and poor air quality are shown to have increases patient blood pressure, heart rate and reduce oxygen levels overdue to environmental concerns. 2) The Integration of appropriate work design and technology plays an important part in enhancing the process of healing such as thoughtful layout that makes easier for frail patients to move around independently, Private patient live with larger space for terminus of supplies, computer for charting, sink for hand washing, amenities that make it easier for family member to stay overnight. Also itcould reduce risk of infections, provides patient privacy and prevents any disturbances, promote peaceful sleep and caregivers can discuss private social functions more freely without hesitating and main(prenominal)tains patient dignity which for some patients may be very stressful (Eberst, 2008).It allows man-portable equipm ents to easily move in and out from these rooms and patient does not needs to be transferred to any other room for x rays or procedures com carriage maintaining privacy etc. use of colors, images and appropriate signs to help patient and family find their destination. Separate elevators were designed for patient transfers providing privacy and safety. Patients at this hospital were getting the benefits of roughly recent digital technology in specialty testing areas which help to get quick results rather than waiting for long hours and creating a stressful location for patient and family. Primary care providers were able to access results from their personal device at any place which make it easier and convenient to make decision and intend treatment.infirmary designs and interior should be planned in the way that it allows natural light through large windows from where they can get more sunlight which can be helpful to lessen depression fresh air by helping them to get engage wi th scenery can extensively reduce their tension, humor and promote enjoyable thoughts. Skylight system provides in room entertainment such as comedy channel, healing music which promotes laughter therapy and healing. Patients were provided with education specific to their needs as well as patient satisfaction survey which helps staff to improve the patient care. Instituting advance technology with caring environment that delivers highly qualified, pleasant and patient centered compassionate care has helped this hospital to achieve effective patient healing (Eberst, 2008). 3)A culture of Radical Loving Care at Mercy Gilbert medical centre offers kindhearted care that enhance faster recovery of patients through a holistic approach that not only meets patients bodily needs but also their emotional and religious needs. They hire their employees not only on the basis of the skills but they look for those that weigh the work as their passion, rather than just a profession, always willi ng to help people and go an extra mile for fulfilling their needs. They make sure that all encounter with the patients and families by the staff members is a sacred encounter. Touch Pads outside each patient room encourage the person entering patient rooms to reflect on their role thatcan help patient in healing. All this efforts in providing compassionate care helped the patients, families, caregivers and the staff to make the stressful time into a peaceful situation (Eberst, 2008).Some of the barriers that prevent nurses or healthcare team to provide healing environment are as follows As we all might be familiar with the fact that due to crisis in the health care field, many of the health care organization are working con staffed which means higher nurse patient ratio that results in burnouts and less attention and time spent with patients that they deserve to talk to their nurses regarding their health and concerns, physicians are support to see more patients per day that can shorter interaction between physician and patient and it changes the way they were served (Dunn, 2010). Addressing the spiritual needs of the patient is very difficult especially when you are running out of time due to heavy workload and making sure that every patient is medicated and every task that needs to be fulfilled for the assigned patients is completed can be a barrier in creating a healthy and healing environment.Other possible barriers could be rip-roaring environment due to loud intercoms, overhead pagers, disturbances from transferring patients from one place to another, cleaning machines can interrupt patient sleep which is important for early healing, Medical errors due to stress from all day noise and removeions, failing to address cultural, and spiritual needs due to language barriers can prevent from creating optimal healing environment (Dunn, 2010). The biblical passage that supports the concepts of healing hospital is Behold, I will bring it health and cure, and I will cure them, and will reveal unto them the abundance of peace and truth by Jeremiah 336 of King James Version which is describing the aim of a therapeutic hospital that is not only to cure the disease process or the symptoms but along with curing they are encouraging their staff members to address and fulfill the patients emotional and spiritual needs to heal them with compassionate, loving care, as we are aware of the fact that a lot of times patients are cured but not healed due to lack of addressing their spiritual wellbeing.Healing hospital focuses on treating the patients physically, emotionally and spiritually to provide them peace, comfort and security. Positive experiences among all the members of health care team in providing holistic patient care will result in harmonious work environment, patient satisfaction, improved patient outcomes as well as helpcaregivers in identifying the importance of their hard work and dedication towards saving peoples life and help them regain peace, comfort and happiness which is a necessary concept in creating healing environment.ReferencesDunn, L. (2010). CREATING ameliorate ENVIRONMENTS A CHALLENGE FOR NURSING. Online Journal Of Rural Nursing Health Care, 10(2), 3-4. Eberst, L. (2008). Arizona medical center shows how to be a healing hospital. Health Progress, 89(2), 77-79. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/274635012?accountid=737440.0 %Comprehension of concepts of a Healing Hospital Reveals inaccurate comprehension of material and lacks the ability to apply information. Displays a lack of comprehension but attempts to apply information. Presentation of material does not meet minimal requirements of the assignment. Demonstrates no critical thinking aspects. Exhibits comprehension of the material and attempts to integrate it with outside material. Information represents basic thought and formulation of Healing Hospital concepts, values, and practices. Demonstrates integrative comprehension. Stu dent exhibits thorough and thoughtful processing of material. Evidentiary support is creatively interwoven and presented in amanner that supports the writer?s position and perspective on Healing Hospital concepts and patterns.Demonstrates integrative comprehension and thoughtful application of concepts surrounding the Healing Hospital and circumstances involving application in legitimate world situations. Presentation of material and components include expanded and unique perspective relative to Healing Hospital patterns and value.48.00/48 30.0 %Coverage of subject matter. Subject matter is absent, inappropriate, and/or irrelevant. thither is weak, marginal coverage of subject matter with large gaps in presentation. All subject matter is covered in minimal quantity and quality. Comprehensive coverage of subject matter is evident. Coverage extends beyond what is needed to support subject matter.30.60/36 20.0 %Organization and Effectiveness7.0 %Thesis Development and affair Paper l acks any discernible overall purpose or organizing thesis and/or main claim. Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague purpose is not clear. Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive. The essence of the paper is contained within the thesis. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.7.14/8.4 8.0 %Argument Logic and Construction Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the thesis and/or main claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. Sufficient apology of thesis and/or main claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. in that respect are obvious flaws in the logic.Some sources have questionable credibility. Argument is orderly, but may have a few in consistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of thesis and/or main claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources utilize are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of thesis and/or main claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. Clear and convincing argument presents a ingratiatory thesis and/or main claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.8.16/9.65.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of the meaning.Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) sentence structure, and/or word choice are present. Some mechanical er rors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A phase of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.5.10/6 10.0 %Format5.0 %Paper Format (Use of appropriate path for the major and assignment) Template is not used appropriately, or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent. Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style. All format elements are correct.5.10/6 5.0 %Research Citations (In-text denotations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing an d formatting, as appropriate to assignment and style) No reference page is included.No citations are used. Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. Reference page is included and lists sources used in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although some errors may be present. Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and citation style is usually correct. In-text citations and a reference page are complete and correct. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.5.10/6 100 %Total Weightage 109.20/120

Metronidazole Retention Enema Experiment and Study

Metronidazole Retention Enema Experiment and Study1. Introduction1.1. Rectal dosage lay downsThe most leafy vegetable and usually most convenient route for administering conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms is orally, where the do drugs dissolves in the gastric and/or intestinal fluids and is absorbed to reach the localise of activity. Dissolution and absorption of the drug from the gastro-intestinal environment depends upon many factors e.g. the physico-chemical substance properties of the drug, enzymes, metabolism, pH of the fluids etc. and these are considered as major drawback when localized drug delivery in the colon is required. Colonic drug delivery system offers advantages over oral dosage forms in improving the efficacy and achieving high concentrations with minimal side-effects1.1.1.1. Advantages and limitations of rectal dosage formsAdvantages golosh and painless form of administration.Drugs liable to degradation in the gastrointestinal tract can be administration .First pass elimination (drugs liable to degrade in the beginning reaching the site of action) of high clearance drugs is partially owing to bypassing the liver.Even larger social diseases can be administered.Drugs can be administered rectally in the long full term care of geriatric and terminally ill patients.Administration of rectal suppositories or capsules is a simple procedure that can be under taken eve by unskilled healthcare personnel and patients.LimitationsPatients acceptability and compliance is poor, especially for long term therapy.Suppositories can leak.Drug absorption from suppositories is slow in resemblance to oral or intravenous administration.1.2. Different rectal drug formulationsMany formulations are developed for rectal use and these include suppositories (in the form of solid dose suspensions and emulsions), irrigations, gelatine capsules (used for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, encapsulated in a soft gelatine capsules as a end micellar solution f or rectal application) 2, and clysters.Enemas are aqueous solutions are suspensions intend for instillation into the rectal region for evacuation of bowel and to treat microbial infections. Enemas are of two types macro enemas (100ml or more) and micro enemas (1.3. Anatomy of Rectum and lower colonThe terminal 15- 19cm portion of the large intestine is rectum it has a circumference of 15-35cm. The rectal pH is around 7-8. The absorptive area of rectum is less when compared tothat of small bowel because the rectal surface area is 200-400cm2 compared to that 200m2 of small bowel, due to very much shorter surface area per unit length 4. Generally medications for rectal delivery are cave in absorbed as weakly alkaline solutions. For rapid absorption of the medication aqueous solutions are preferable rather than suppositories or suspensions. Rectal absorption takes positioning by active absorption and for maximum retention without any rectal urgency to vacate bowels small bulk of th e fluid is recommended5.The diagram with a particle of colon is shown below in fig-1.1.3.1. Physiological considerations of colon1.3.1a. Intestinal colonic micro floraThe human colonic atmosphere supports over 400 perspicuous species of bacterium with a population of 1011 to 1012 CFU/ml with mostly Eubacterium, Bacteriodes etc6. The enzymes produced by these bacterium has wide spectrum of action, that being hydrolytic and reductive in nature, these enzymes are actively involved in many processes, such as steroidal transformation, protein and carbohydrate fermentation, and destruction of mutagenic metabolism. Nitroreductase, azoreductases, and N-oxide and sulfoxide reductases are the most extensive reductive enzymes produced by the intestinal flora7.1.3.1b. Colonic gestureUnder the normal physiological conditions the colonic motility is exposit as irregular alternation of inactive, non-propagative, segmental contractions and infrequent propagative contractions that can be further class into high amplitude contractions ( 100 mmHg) and low amplitude contractions (1.3.1c. Ascending colonic volumeThe ascending colonic volume was found to be 17040 ml as per the studies conducted on healthy subjects using single photon emission computed tomography11.MetronidazoleMetronidazole is a nitro-imidazole bactericidal agent primarily used against control anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides, Clostridium spp., and certain protozoal parasites like Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Blastocysistis hominis, Balantidium coli and also some of the facultative anaerobes Gardnerella vaginalis and Helicobacter pylori16.Gram negative anaerobes like bacteroides and fusobacterium species and the gram overconfident anaerobes like Peptosteptococci and clostridium species typically test sensitive to metronidazole. It is particularly used against Helicobacter pylori associated to duodenal ulcers and gastritis. Metronidazole is also used against anaerobic bowel flora for the prophylaxis and for the word of Crohns disease where patients might develop complications of infections in bowel12. Metronidazole supports the overgrowth of aerobic microbial flora of the large intestine by reducing the number of anaerobic micro-organisms with acceptable profile of adverse effects13.1.4.1. Anti microbial action of MetronidazoleMetronidazole as anti microbial agent was first introduced in 1959 for the sermon of Trichomonas vaginalis infections, and used subsequently for invasive giardiasis and amebiasis. Metronidazole is highly effective and show rapid onset of action against anaerobic infections. Antimicrobial action of Metronidazole is in the main due to the toxic intermediates which are produced during the reduction of the compound14. Interaction of these intermediates with deoxyribonucleic acid in protozoan inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and there by exerts antimicrobial effects15. Mechanism of action of Metronidazole is shown in the fig- 2.1.4.2. Physico-chemical propertiesChemically metronidazole is 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-1-ethanol or 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. Its formula is C4H9N3O and its chemical formula is in the fig-3.Metronidazole is sporty to pale yellow coloured, odourless, crystalline powder. It is meagerly soluble in water, alcohol and slightly soluble in ether16.It is generally stable in aqueous solutions of pH 2.0-7.017.1.4.3. Metabolism of MetronidazoleMetronidazole is metabolised in the liver into two metabolites. These metabolites include 2-hydroxy-methyl-5-nitroimdazole-1-acetic acid (HM) and 2-methyl-1-2-nitroimidazole-1-acetic acid (MAA). Hydroxy metronidazole is pharmacologically active with antimicrobial action and its potency is 30% to that of metronidazole and the acetic acid metabolite of metronidazole is pharmacologically inactive but its activity is noticed in patients with renal dysfunction, small amount of metronidazole is oxidised to acetamide18. The metabolizati on pathway and chemical formulas can be seen in the figure 419.Study objectiveMetronidazole is commercially available in the form Tablets, Suppositories, Gels, and suspensions20. But metronidazole in the form of enema is not available commercially. Olumide F et al. 1976, described metronidazole in the form of enema (2gm. of metronidazole in 200ml of normal saline) for management of severe intestinal amoebiasis21. No extensive pharmaceutical data about the formulation and stableness of the metronidazole enema is available at this moment. Hence, the development of a metronidazole enema was undertaken.The present objective of the study is to ruminate Metronidazole retention enema in a suitable aqueous media using carbopol and tragacanth as suspending and viscosifying agents. Chemical stability of the hypothesise enema is analysed with an analytical method high doing liquid chromatography (HPLC) and viscousness of the formulation is checked by Brook field viscometer.AimTo formulate a metronidazole retention enema and analyze physico-chemically.2.0. Materials and Method2.1. ChemicalsMetronidazole (98.9% pure) used is a gift sample from Thrope Laboratories (India) Ltd, Mumbai. 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole is used as a well-worn impureness. Cardopol (35% w/v),tragacanth, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, tris pilot film were purchased from Aldrich. The methanol and acetonitrile used were of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade along with distilled water former(a) materials namely honey oil hydrogen phthalate (KHP), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), acetic acid (CH3C OOH), sodium acetate (CH3COONa), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and 0.1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) were of analytical quality.2.2. orchestrationHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography apparatus and conditionsThe liquid chromatography used was a Varian Prostar HPLC system (Model 410), equipped with an auto sampler serial mode system wit h a 20l loop. Detection is accomplished with a UV-Visible detector. Integration and the system parameters were controlled by Galaxy software running on a PC.ViscometerThe viscometer used was Brook field viscometer (Model LVDV II + PRO) displays temperature (C or F), viscosity, % scales, shear rate, shear stress, speed, % torque, and spindle. Technical specifications include 0.01 to 200/rpm, viscosity order of 1 6Million cP, with 4 supplied spindles.2.3. Preparation of buffer solutions22, 232.3.1. Preparation of Phthalate bufferPhthalate buffer was prepared by dissolving 20.42g of potassium hydrogen phthalate in 1000ml of water (0.1M). The pH was familiarised with 0.1M hydrochloric acid, 0.1M sodium hydroxide. Preparation of different pH ranges of phthalate buffer is shown in the table-12.3.4. Preparation of tris bufferTris buffer was prepared by dissolving 12.11g of tris (hydroxymethyl aminomethane) in 1000ml of water (0.1M). The pH of the buffer was adjusted with 0.1M hydrochlo ric acid. Preparation of different ph ranges of tris buffer is shown in the table-4.2.4. Pre-formulation studies2.4.1. Pre-formulation solvability studiesThe main problem associated with developing any of the solution formulation of a compound is its aqueous solubility. Metronidazole is poorly aqueous soluble drug24. For enhancing the poorly aqueous solubility of drug there are several alternatives and these include pH manipulation, co-solvency, surfactants, chelating agents and emulsion formation25.In the present experiment the solubility of metronidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole in water, buffered solutions of phosphate, acetate and tris in various pH ranges were determined by adding a weighed amount of drug to the solvent by stir with a chalk rod at 202oC. Excess amount of solvent was added until the drug completely dissolved in that solvent.2.5. Stability Indicating HPLC studiesThe stability studies are particularly demonstrated to analyse the quality, concentration and pur ity of the pharmaceutical dosage form. For demonstrating stability of pharmaceutical dosage forms HPLC is prominently used. Szepesi et al.26 described some special stability-indicating requirements for HPLC and these include2.5.1. Stability- indicating assayThe peaks of the drug substance and its decomposition product should not elute at same condemnation any reduce in the active drug concentration should be detected by the method.Stability-indicating purityThe resolutions between the active component peak and the adjacent peak should be higher to identify any decomposition of the active component similar in its structure formed during different storage conditions.2.5.3. The main impurity peak(s) should be separated from spendthrift product peak(s) of different chemical structure, so that evaluation of purity and assay are carried out together.2.5.4. The peaks of the degraded products or secondary degraded products formed by the decomposition of by-product can also be separated f rom other peaks.2.6. Stability-indicating purityPre-formulation stability studies were conducted to determine the stability of metronidazole in water and various buffered pH ranges using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).All the solutions were stored at room temperature 202oC for approximately 20 days in glass beakers and then analysed for stability.Results and DiscussionSolubility study of MetronidazoleThe aqueous solubility and pH solubility profiles for Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole are shown in Table-7, 8, 9. Overall solubility of Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole is determined at all pH values. Both Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole exhibited high solubility at a pH range 4. For example, at room temperature the aqueous solubility of Metronidazole was 100mg/50ml, respectively. Metronidazole, being a weak base, appears to dissolve maximally at a pH 4.0.High performance liquid chromatography method developmentThe new method developed in this present study was very closely related to that of British Pharmacopoeia. British pharmacopoeia specifies reverse phase chromatography carried out using stainless steel column (20cm-4.6 mm) packed with octadecylsilyl silica gel of particle size 10m (spherisorb ODS), using a mixture of 30 volumes of methanol and 70 volumes of 0.01M potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate as the restless phase with a flow rate of 1ml per minute and a detecting wavelength of 315nm.To establish a new stability indicating chromatographic nature of the HPLC method, we have changed the column to 5m C18 (150 - 4.60 mm i.d., Phenomenex) stainless steel column, packed with Sphereclone octadecylsilane (ODS) and an (eluent) mobile phase to carry out the stability analysis in the solution at ambient room temperature with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min and at a detection wave length of 325nm.Each chromatographic run required about 10 minutes and the elution time obtained for metronidazole and the standard impurity were different for different mobile phases.For methanol KH2PO4 in the volume of 3070v/v retention times of drug and the impurity was1.89min and 2.00min, for methanol KH2PO4 in the volume of 8020v/v retention times were very narrow, like wise all the mobile phase in different proportion showed a littler retention time gap between drug and impurity. When acetonitrile and sodium citrate was used in the volumes of 1090 v/v retention time gap of 2min was achieved. Elution of Metronidazole and 2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole was achieved with a retention time of 3.19Min and 4.99Min respectively.Stability indicating solubility studiesMetronidazole was observed to be relatively stable in water and buffer pH conditions. The results obtained in our stability indicating solubility study showed an agreement with solubility and studies conducted by Yunqi et al., 200527.Test for clarity and sedimentationSedimentation was observed when the water (400C) solubilized metronidazole is s tored for 20 days, this might be due to the super saturation of the solution during solubilization of the drug at high temperature. Rest of the solutions were free from particles and sedimentation when observed against a black and white back ground.Solubility studies of metronidazole and its standard impurity (2-methyl-5-nitro-imidazole), sharpens solubility of metronidazole was more in aqueous solvents including various buffered pH systems. These solubility profiles help to understand the chemical nature (polarity) of drug and the impurity.Solubility of metronidazole was observed to be high in acetate buffer (100mg/30ml) than any other buffer solutions. Taking the solubility profiles and colonic pH (5.5-7) into consideration, acetate buffer of pH 6 was used to formulate enema4. Formulation of enemaOur puzzle to formulate retention enemas is based on the studies conducted by Nyman-Pantelidis et al., 1994. There study proved low viscous enemas superiority over high viscous enemas i n retention and colonic spread28.4.1. Preparation of metronidazole- tragacanth enemaMetronidazole-tragacanth enema was prepared by simple titration technique using motor and pestle. Metronidazole retention enema prepared was an aqueous formulation with a viscosity of 6.00 cPas, containing metronidazole in a buffered pH. The formulation includes tragacanth as suspending and viscocifying agent. Methyl paraben as a preservative and NaOH (0.1M) was used to oppose the pH of the formulation. Metrinidazole was dissolved in buffered solution and then added to tragacanth gum, while triturating methyl paraben was added and pH of the final formulation is maintained at pH-6 using NaOH. The composition of the enema prepared in the study contains 1g of Metronidazole as shown in table 9.Preparation of metronidazole- carbopol enemaFor the treatment of anaerobic infection of colon we have formulated Metronidazole as enema using carbopol, a high molecular weight polymer of acrylic acid cross linked to allyl sucrose. Carbopol increases the viscosity of the enema and so help in retaining in the colon for maximum efficacy of metronidazole29.Metronidazole was dissolved in buffered solution 1.0g/300ml. This solution was added under constant stirring to carbopol. Methyl paraben was dissolved in water and underconstant stirring this mixture was added to the suspension. The pH of the final formulation is maintained at 6 by the addition of NaOH. The composition of the enema formulated is shown below in the table-10.Storage of enemas for stability and viscosity studiesThe formulated enemas were filled in 100 ml glass beakers and stored for 2 days at refrigerated conditions 40C, room temperature 200C and at accelerated conditions 400C and analysed for stability and viscosity.Stability studies of the formulated enemasBoth the enemas were found to be stable for 3 days at various temperatures (2-100C, 2520C, 4020C). The chromatograms show no peak of degraded metronidazole. Chromatograms of both(prenominal) the enemas is shown in the fig-9, fig-10.Viscosities of the formulated enemasThe viscosity measurements for both rectal enemas were performed by Brooks field viscometer, using spindle 62 revolving at 22 rpm. Both the rectal enemas were prepared with a viscosity of 6.0 cP using tragacanth and carbopol. The viscosities of both rectal enemas were then analysed after storage for 2 days at 2-100C, 2020C, and 4020C respectively and there results are shown in table-10.There was a little variation of viscosities in the formulated enemas after their storage at various temperatures, and this variation is seen especially in enemas stored at accelerated temperature (4020C) for 3 day. Because viscosity is inversely related to temperature, as temperature increases viscosity decreases.Test for clarity and sedimentationBoth the formulated enemas were clear without any particles when observed against a black and white background. When the enemas are further analysed, phase separati on was observed in the enema formulated using tragacanth and stored at 2-100C, 2020C, and 4020C.ConclusionThe solubility studies results indicate that metronidazole showed a good solubility at various pH levels (4.0). Maximum solubility of metronidazole was shown in acetate buffer of pH 6 (100mg/30ml). The stability studies indicate that metronidazole was stable at all the pH ranges without any degradation.The Metronidazole enema formulated using tragacanth and carbopol was chemically stable with no degradation when stored for a period of 3 days at 2100C, 2020C, 4020C respectively. And there is no remarkable effect on the viscosities and pH of the enemas when stored at these temperatures.Future workIn the present study stability studies were conducted for only 3 days, the results would be more appropriate if the stability studies of the formulated enema were carried for some more days.The new methodology developed for demonstrating High Performance Liquid Chromatography indicating s tability studies using acetinitrile and sodium citrate in the volumes of 1090v/v should be validated.

Explore The Background To Change Affecting Pizza Hut Business Essay

Explore The Background To substitute Affecting pizza pie pie pie army hovel Business Essaypizza Hut is wiz of the flagship brands of Yum Restaurant Int. which to a fault has subsidiary telephone linees and famous brands like KFC, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silvers under one brand umbrella. It is the worlds largest pizza chain more(prenominal) than 13,000 eating places across 97 countries. pizza pie Hut increases his operations in last five years. In India,pizza Hut has143 eating houses across 34 cities, including Delhi, Mumbai, Banglore, Chennai, Kolkata, Pune and Hyderabad. Great mouthful and quality, variety of pizzas and trademark dining experience have made it possible for the comp whatever to for double-digit growth and scale up its presence to its current sizing. With a 27 per cent merchandise sh be of the eating-out market and over 70,000 footf whollys per solar day across the countryPizza Hut started its business from India in 1996, and opened its first restau rant in Bangalore. Pizza Hut maintained signifi rout outt growth and acquires a maximum share of pizza market and sustained growth rate of to a higher place 40 per cent per annum. Pizza Hut operates by dint of 95 outletsacross 24 cities in India which gave employment nearly 5000 large number by the end of 2009. Pizza Hutinvested approximately US$ 35 million in India so far through YUM Corporate franchisee Brands Inc is the featureer of worldwide chain of pizza outlets listed in Fortune 300 participation .Since 2008 it generated more than $36 million through sales.http//www.pizzahut.co.in/dinein/ somewhatpizzahut.phpTask 1Outcome Explore the background to ex throw affecting the system of rulesChange can be implemented through various models such Kotters eight step change modelADKAR ModelBusiness earn re-engineeringKotters eight step change model1. Increase urgency inspire people to move guide and group them to represent objectives real and relevant.2. Build the guiding police squad Make the groups with the right people in right place with their appropriate skills and levels.3. Get the vision right Arrange and make the team to establish a vision and strategy focus on creative aspects which is necessary to drive profit and efficiency.4. Communicate for buy-in Involve as m each people possible for mitigate the work, exchange of information and converse between the essentials and depict response if any emergencys from people.5. Empower actions worrying to Remove obstacles, make promotive feedback and support from leadership and top trouble for reward and identify progress and achievements.6. Create short-term wins Set objectives and aim which are easy to obtain in big size substantial work. Manageable numbers of initiatives. Finish current working belongs and stages before starting modern objective function.7. Dont let up Promote the growth of the asylum and relating work and encourage determination of ongoing change support and encourage ongoing progress which reports highlight obtained and big significant prospective work.8. Make change stick Recruitment promotion and change of leaders which enforces the value of success.http//www.associatedcontent.com/ denomination/237685/emailprotected_pg4.html?cat=3ADKAR MODELChange often brings high levels of stress and incumbrance to people.ADKAR change method in the corporate world often eliminates many of the negative and harmful effects associated with pertly procedures.1. Awareness. Gives social welfares to all levels of staff and aware them about need of changes to the organization, changes for the sake of seldom is useful. Change is to apply for avail of the business operation which supporters to be competitive in market. This is genuinely necessary for success.2. Desire.It is necessity that exercisement responsible to encourage the desire of their employees to support and be active by participating in the prospective change in organization.3. Knowledge . It is managements responsibility to provide the development and education to its employee change methods of the new procedures, and software. Sometime it is useless to do work in change environment without sufficient cognition about the goals desired by organization.4. Ability.After getting a desired knowledge employee is involved needs to be given the training to achieve and set to new change to be made which affects successful for organization.5. Reinforcement- concord to study it has proven that any person who perform and repeat the task continuously for 21 days, it will execute a habit of that person whether it is ingenuous or bad for him. Reinforcing new habits of the employees improve the success of the change made.http//www.kellyservices.com/eprise/main/web/us/hr_manager/articles_aug08_akdarmodelBusiness Process reengineeringBusiness process reengineering is a radical thinking of organizational process this is a very fundamental consideration. This a fundamental and pri me steps under injectn to try resource formulation implememtation.basically BPR analyses and suggests the structural changes to be made for organization. This identify very important because it helps organization should be customized and design itself to become ERP friendly. If organization is unable to stands with the a mood changes wherefore the best way to manage is adopt the changes according to environment and apply the changes in it.Study has been proven that if any changes are imposed in organization then sudden changes are not all time plant life in proper way because the improper method applied to it. It need plan to apply it this can be avoided by the use of BPR in practically.Davenport (1992) prescribes five approaches to BPR model which are follows1) Develop business vision and process objectives2) local anestheticize business process to be resigned3) run into and measure the existing processes4) discover training Technology levers.5) Design and work a prototy pe of the new processes(valuebased management, 2008)Pizza Hut has recently undergone a huge change to enhance the business and to give go against service for customer this is due to demand from the customers and improvement suggestion. According to responses Pizza Hut made some changes in their services some of them listed below.Franchise system System adopted for store forcast, varan slaying, worker uses and nutrition ordering and inventory management of business. One specific reason behind adopting this to apply applied science and service better through management information system. at bring in these systems are supported by a skilled internal team to make sure customers get the best use from them.(A pizzahut fanchise, 2008)http//www.pizzahutfranchise.co.uk/html/technology.html.Leadership air In running business with standard models and ideology of leadership there was something missing about the importance of human beliefs they need some changes and they made it in prac tical life importance of the human heart in driving a fellowships human drive and path of success to inspirational motivation in change management situations.Real time performance reporting Development in technology which can monitor the progress of business anytime, anywhere via irrelevant log-in functionality.Online recruitment system for the applicants and team members only who meet the minimum success criteria added to shortlist.Online training for managers and team members.Digital marketing including online and mobile handsets.http//www.pizzahutfranchise.co.uk/html/technology.html outgrowth of all let us understand the meaning of strategic intervention-It is a technique of influencing element that is used to modify the existing elements of business process there are three standard strategic intervention methods namely.HR interventionStrategic leadershipTeam buildingHR intervention there are different issues and procedures needed to run business organization and being success to achieve their goals. Human Resources comply with these procedures very well.they prepares organization guide for the managers, performance management, succession planning systems, and several other works for the betterment of organization. So HR intervention is eer necessary, it stays the organization up to date with statutory compliance.Strategic leadershipStrategic leadership involves managing through others, managing entire enterprise, making changes according to fatality. Managing human capital is very critical skills of strategic leader. Commercial innovation, and manage the knowledge is also major(ip) functional activity of the leader. Its very important to obtained a good strategic leadership for success of an organization.http//asso.nordnet.fr/adreg/Hitt%20et%20al%20strategic%20leadership.pdfTeam BuildingA team building can be defined as a group of people who collectively work towards a pre-defined goal utilizing experience and knowledgein an major power helps to no urishes better and open communication between the employees themselves, it also makes fosters to develop the relation between employees and the higher management. It goes a long way in improving professional relation. Team building in the workplace significantly contri yetes towardsemployee motivationand building trust among the employees, thereby ensuring better yieldivity.http//www.buzzle.com/articles/team-building-in-the-workplace.htmlHuman Resources intervention techniques I would recommend in introducing changeSince last five year we have seen drastic changes in other departments of Pizza Hut. Whatever the changes made it is working very well. Changes they adopt technology, leadership style and franchise system going well. This is internal part of the business which is basic and playing important grapheme in upgrading the function of business. On the other side of business and decision making there would another change to be happening in Pizza Hut. Human Resources is major b ody of an organization i.e. Pizza Hut. HR is also responsible for other operations of business issues like training programmers, individual growth ofemployee. Career make progression path drive the culture of Pizza Hut. Finance and accounting is vital for Pizza Hut. But i personally think that they are plentiful much importance to their function because lack of decision making process, delaying in improper assessment of payment of employees, so there would be need for the change in the same. More than 13,000 thousand employees are working on weekly payroll system and 2000 are working on monthly basis, in present company is using bureau system. it need change to innovative technology for accessing the payment system. The functionality and flexibility of the new system would make simple and help for raise improve the HR and payroll services which provide for all restaurant teams. After all Salaries is simply a payment for the deliver of services to the company. Wouldnt HR be better off focusing on Employee Development and other training programmes, rather than dealing with errors in the payroll.Task 2Outcome- Understand Issues relating to strategic change in the organizationa) Following some generic background relating to strategic change has been introduced in Pizza Hut which shown good improvement in companys progress. Here I also elaborate some functional areas which have changed it drastically.1) Customer expectationFast fare industry is growing day by day, and new varieties of food are coming in market. so the customers expectation are growing more and something different from other food companies. solid food market is going globose means international food tests are available in many restaurants. So the variety of taste demands more from consumers. thither is need to fulfill the customers expectation about the change.2) Competitive edgeIn global market there is always a competition among the food companies. Pizza hut also facing a tough competition. Dominos pizza is a major competitive player of pizza hut holds approximately 20% of market as compared to pizza hut is 46%.remaining market share is hold by small companies nearly about 32%. So planning and strategy is important to be competitive in market by making some different kind of variety pizzas, pastas etc.3) New technologiessometimes only advertising is not the only way to sell the reaping, technology will definitely play important role. For pizza hut upgrading technology, advertisement through social networking websites, Online advertising, mobile marketing, sponsorships, tie up with local but popular brands, etc are technological ways to get marketed. Online advertising, mobile marketing, sponsorships, tie up with local but popular brands etc. need for change for better result.4) Economic changes in marketEvery year there is a fixed work out to run the business including the extra money is given to them for flexible financial operation. But external environment are not remains constant, like stinting policy of government, prices of commodities, increase in tax etc.it impacts the financial policy of business, pizza hut is direct customer oriented business so if the external forces or environment changes it directly effect on business so they need to change at that time.Drivers that motivated Pizza Hut to preceding(prenominal) consider Change as followsTechnological Advances personnel casualty of marketsEconomicsTechnological AdvancesTo attract customers and to give him better and fast service it is necessary to adopt of technological changes, so it could help them to be competitive in global market. if we consider pizza hut there is good scope to introduce Online ordering system, discount E-coupons, Happy hours schemes etc.result of this new technology adoption pizza hut could get good response from customers, these technological advances will give satisfaction of good service to customers, instant service.Loss of marketsIn competitive market the business progress is reflect by their market share data. Loss and gain of market share is depends upon quality and service given to customers, so it is a very critical to obtain a market share and sustenance it progressive. Pizza hut is a competitive with dominoes pizza, compare between them is at present pizza hut is holding approximately 46% and dominos 20%.this means dominos losses their market compare to pizza hut. So in business, market share is plays important role for prospective growth of business.EconomicsEvery business organization having its own economic policy to run business in market. business economics is diversified towards market means external forces always impact internal anatomical structure of the economic policy of individual organization. Financial status, liquidity of funds etc are related to finance matters of company, demand and supply are integral partwhich depends upon the requirement from the external market, external forces such as economic downturn s,policy,inflation and deflation in market, interest rate, are directly affect economy of business. If Pizza hut is doing their business so above economical factors effect on pricing of reaping increases in pizza prices due to cheese price increased.So above three are main drivers of change in business organization.2.b) The main resources that pizza Hut needed for the implication are as follows1) The HR department It has a sexually attractive reputation and is a fully integrated part of the organization, playing a key role in most business decisions. HR supports the restaurants and the Restaurant supply chain where it is really needed. Pizza Hut made good improvement in human resource so ensure that 70% of all trifling positions are filled internally. Pizza hut also arrange annual achievement award programmes to employees who achieved superfluous in current year. Fast-moving, sociable atmosphere keep by company to work friendly in workplace.If HR failed to respond to need for s trategic change then it could be going difficult to handle the training programmes, supply change management system, decision making.so to give a better prospective to company then HR should not be failed work.2) Information technology Pizza hut shown its changes in IT department since 5 years. IT department doesnt just cover the RSC but its responsible for all the systems across more than 680 Restaurants. Company upgrade IT services which are looking at the process of bank reconciliations, maintaining infrastructure.IT reduces the work pressure and give more accurate service, so in pizza hut for customer satisfaction it plays very critical role because ordering the menus, online order coupon etc.are targeted online customers. If IT failed then it will directly impact on upset of business. so IT must work regularly and perfectly.As a department were very dynamic and forward-thinking, driving change from the inside of the organization out. Whats more youll benefit from the long-ter m job security of working for a big global brand and enjoy a favorable work/life balance, without compromising on the sort of technical challenges that keep the job interesting.Task 3Outcome Develop systems for understanding and involving others in the process of changea) Key stakeholdersTricon global restaurantsTGR is a famous largest restaurants company with brand name Yum based in Louisville, KY having restaurants with more than 36,000 restaurants in over 110 countries and territories and more than 1 million associates. Yum Is got his position numbered 216 on the Fortune 500 List, with nearly $10 billion in revenue in 2009. Four of TGR restaurant brands KFC,Pizza Hut,Taco Bell these are the global player of the chicken, pizza, Mexican-style food and quick-service seafood categories.http//www.yum.com/company/ourbrands.aspSuppliersSuppliers to pizza hut for the products like toppings, cheese,chicken will help to make the product more successful and give assurance that the product w ill not make a loss to company. Suppliers are always belief on pizza hut for making a good family relationship between them. They is interdependent to each other. They have bound to give good business to each other in any circumstances. So supplier is also major stakeholder of pizza hut.Customer and publicCustomers and the public the final major stakeholder of pizza hut because will be the ones that will buy and consume the product, every(prenominal) company design their product keep in mind to customers only. Not all stakeholders want the same thing. So besides industrial stakeholders or any other business organizational stakeholders are indirectly dependent upon consumers and customers.Proposed system to involve stakeholders in the process of changeBy taking a get out of above discussion about the stakeholders in Pizza Hut, like business organization, suppliers, customer and public. We are going to make a proposed system or any model to describe the involvement of above in the change of an organization.We have discussed Tricon Global Restaurants, suppliers, and customers as a public. So Pizza hut need to be any change in early for making any business strategy, company should consider above participants for decision making process. To expand or to make objective of company pizza hut to discuss all the ideas and matters regarding to funds within the corporate context to its business enterprise stakeholder i.e. TGR because this company invested a major money and gives financial support to pizza hut. So the concern about TGR is must for pizza hut. Secondly suppliers who give his best service by supply cheese, pizza bases, toppings, paperroni etc. to make product like pizza and other variety products.Customers and public without it would not be possible to achieve success for any company because they are the final destination where any product gets consumed from the market. So public are crucial part of the business organizational change.Now we can interrela te the above categories in following mannerTricon Financial support to pizza hut.Suppliers-Immediate supply of cheese, cheesebase, supply on demand.Cutomers and public-final destination of consumption.b) By considering the above factors which are involves in system change management also have some advantage and disadvantages described below.Advantages1) If Stakeholders is a business organization then good advantage is fund flow from such a stakeholders is always good on the other side they also have investor of another companies which will skillful to make their business grow in market and wider range of objectives.2) If the stakeholder is major stakeholder in company then his company personally incorporates in financial matters of investment funds company for getting better business in market.Disadvantages1) We know that supplier is a playing a key function in business but he is not only one to whom company liable to tie up for business. Pizza hut cant concentrate his function on suppliers to give specific business from him. and totally depend on demand from the external environment.2) Pizza Hut business is running only upon consumers. Where they always have their likes and dislikes. taste and variety of foods, different menus, and special deal on menus are the main attraction of customers.if the pizza hut is able to give good service then it directly affects the profit of the business.3.c)Change management strategy with the key stakeholders1) Identify stakeholders Stakeholders can be identify by making survey and ability of stakeholders to take stake in relative company, think of all the people who are affected by stakeholders work, who have influence and power over it.2) Prioritize stakeholders our company has a long list of people and organizations who affected by our companies work. May be some of them having a power to block or advance.and another one is they are interesting in our companies work.3) Mapping profiles of stakeholdersPizza Hut can map the profile of stakeholders in four categoriesHigh power, interested people these people our company must fully engage and make the good efforts to satisfy.High power, less interested people Limit the work with these people to make them cheerful but not beyond their capacity.Low power, interested people keep communicate with these people adequately and talk to them to ensure that no major issues are arising. These people are always be helpful and concerns about project work of investing company.Low power, less interested people keep monitor these people but not exceed communication about certain limits.http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm( Mind Tools Ltd, 1996-2011)d) Strategy for managing protection to change is discussed as follows.1) Open communication - Pizza hut undergone changes in last five years, company needs more changes to be done in nearest future I would be started with open communication with employees ,workers, and other participants of business .first I would like to tell them why we need the changes? Then which change particularly they need and what are benefits for all peoples relating to it. Open communication always plays crucial role because with this we can exchange the information of both the sides and understand the opinions. so it is very good medium to managing resistance to change.2) Involvement I would like to discuss about the role of employees and worker in Change in pizza hut would also change their role and gives more responsibility and will increases the opportunities on achievement, also to give specification on involvement in decision making process that could motivate employees.3) Feedback- get feedback from the employees,subodianates is always important because it helps to understand their views and opinion about change happened in organization.So it would be a better way to managing resistance in change in organization.Task 4a) I here chose McKinseys 7S model for implementing change of Pizza Hut1) Strategy- Pizza hut strictly follows norms to attain the quality product for best operational strategy to attain the customer satisfaction namely C.H.A.M.P.Sa) Cleaningness Of all restaurants to give quality foods and serve better to customers.b) Hospitality Good way of communication, respect and entertain customers.c) Accuracy Serving food in time with accuracy and maintaining quality of taste.d) Maintenance Handling of staff, relationship with customer, and service of equipments.e) Speed- delivering food in time2) Structure-Consider an individual outlet as a business organization pizza hut design their management structure like support manager who manages the shift of working team member, deputy designed manager handling training of new recruits, deputy manager works for operational departs like profit and target business, restaurant general manager looks for the functioning of all finanve,orders,quality.etc3) System-The great thing about pizza hut is ,it is a business of franchises system , Delivery system is a major function of business and almost 20% of orders done by delivery mode.frinchises and head office staff work are closely together to achieve their objects.http//www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food-HYPERLINK http//www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/HYPERLINK http//www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/-catering/2010 What Franchise Magazine4) Shared values-Pizza hut have a special quality of organizational life. Cultures determine much of every transaction happens which is centralize across an organization. While managers are aware of their cultures, they are often unsure about how to influence.emlpoyees and each participants in pizza hut business respects the beliefs and principles of pizza hut.5) Skills-Pizza hut is always respecting the skilled employees, something innovative and different ideas are always welcome in pizza hut, new recruiters also get training to ensure and to put up their skills from knowledge to practicle life.6) StyleEvery menu of pizza hut has its unique style they always try to make something different from other competitors recipe. Unique approach to customers attract with diff.styles adopt by pizza hut.7)StaffPizza hut staff members always like to greet and serve the customers and preparing great food behind the scenes, team members are friendly, outgoing and eager to please. They are fanatical and enthusiasms tic, they have ability to handle fast paced working environment.b) How would you implement one or more model(s) in your chosen organization, what improvements do you expect to achieve by implementing your chosen model(s), and how would you measure these? (AC 4.2, 4.3)4. b) Change Implementation Plan with Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR)Business process reengineering is a radical thinking of organizational process this is a very fundamental consideration. BPR analys es and suggests the structural changes to be made for organization. Implementation of BPR in pizza hut explained belowDavenport (1992) prescribes five approaches to BPR model which are follows1) Develop business vision and process objectivesA vision of the Pizza hut after the change takes place the school which provides high quality education with new technology and supports updated curriculum that helps to increase the ratio of university entrance exam successPizza hut holding a great share in US and European market rest of these they want to dominant in china brands with profitable expansion. They have good plan to be the best at providing branded restaurant choice with multibranding.2) Identify business process to be resignedDay by day competition being so strong in food servicing industry. There will be a threat of imitation products which will surely be a problem to be dealt with. So in future if other imitated products come in market then pizza hut will have to adjust or to fi nd out variety of product to accommodate change in market.3) Understand and measure the existing processesIf we consider the promotions and marketing of pizza hut they may have to be bigger and better than the competition of nowadays, if think about product development the product may need to be altered to give it that little bit of competitive edge. Forexample fecundation the crust with cheese or giving a free topping with the purchase would help give Pizza Hut an edge over the competition.4) Identify Information Technology levers.See pizza hut using IT since many years and changes has been made according to requirement. in the IT business context the online ordering system will going to be very competive,so that we need to be adopt more technological appliances and advanced technology in prospective years.5) Design and build a prototype of the new processesIf we basically think about the business process it will need flexibility in operation and product life cycle stages to be a market leader. It will need a great marketing plan which will be suited in new product segment .Promotion and advertising will be using for marketing so it will make target a very profitable.Reference net References.1) (A pizza Hut company, 2010)http//www.pizzahut.co.in/dinein/aboutpizzahut.php2) (A pizzahut fanchise, 2008)http//www.pizzahutfranchise.co.uk/html/technology.html.3) (A Associated Content , 2011)http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/237685/emailprotected_pg4.html?cat=34) (A kelly services incorporation, 2011)http//www.kellyservices.com/eprise/main/web/us/hr_manager/articles_aug08_akdarmodel5) (Strartgic leadership)http//asso.nordnet.fr/adreg/Hitt%20et%20al%20strategic%20leadership.pdf6) (A Buzzle.com, 2010,2011)http//www.buzzle.com/articles/team-building-in-the-workplace.html7) (A Yum corporation , 2009)http//www.yum.com/company/ourbrands.asp8) ( Mind Tools Ltd, 1996-2011)http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_07.htm9) (magazine, 2010)http//www.whatfranchisemaga zine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food-HYPERLINK http//www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/HYPERLINK http//www.whatfranchisemagazine.co.uk/franchise-finder/franchisor/pizza-hut/food--catering/-catering/

Concepts of Abnormal Behaviour

Concepts of Abaverageal Behaviour1.1Normal behavior is known as behavior that is widely accepted as the appointed norms of a particular society. For example, it is normal for an American to greet some(prenominal)one by shaking hands. Adhering to normal behavior satisfies privates need to fit into society. The ability to behave unremarkably in any case allows one to fulfill the innate need to interact with others. Abnormal behavior contrasts normal behavior in that it is unacceptable behavior which is outside of the norm of functioning behavior. Abnormal behaviors could range from minor deviations from societal norms to very severe behaviors that argon considered taboo, or forbidden. in that respect is a dilemma in defining how these concepts argon defined in that behaviors which atomic number 18 known to be acceptable in one culture may non be tolerated in another. No single culture can determine a paradigm for normalcy within another society, since this would imply that anot her cultures societal rules be incorrect. Instead, it is unavoidable to consider behaviors in the appropriate cultural context, as suggested in an article entitled, Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. 11.2To effectively treat the rudimentary pathological disorders that cause abnormal behaviors, enquiryers have created paradigms that describe possible explanations for psychopathology. The Biological Paradigm of abnormal behavior states that mental disorders are the result of biological processes. For instance, research in the field of Behavior Genetics describes how genes play a significant role in individuals behavior. Also, irregularity in the amount of neurotransmitters released between neurons is the root of some disorders, such as Depression and Manic Disorder. Another model is the humane and Existential Paradigm. It holds that mountain who persist from abnormal behavior lack insight into their purport issues (Davison et. al., 2003). 2Paradigms such as the ones described above are invaluable in working with individuals who suffer from pathological behavior. The Diagnostic and statistical Manual of psychical Disorders (DSM) is a universal diagnostic tool that categorizes models of abnormal behavior and provides clinicians with randomness about a lymph nodes mental functioning (American psychiatrical Association, 2000).3 The DSM lists specific criteria that are required for an individual to either have features of a particular mental disorder or further, be diagnosed with one. The DSM also incorporates portions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) manual that refer to mental disorders. The ICD is typically used by medical professionals.The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) outlines categories of disorders according to the Multiaxial Assessment Model, which breaks up disorders into five axes of functioning. Axis I includes clinical disorders such as Depression, Manic Disorder and S chizophrenia. Axis II encompasses personality disorders such as Histrionic temper Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. It also includes Mental Retardation. Axis III is comprised of medical disorders. Axis IV contains Psychosocial and Environmental Problems such as deportment problems not attributed to a clinical, personality or medical disorder. The last axis encapsulates an individuals Global Assessment of Functioning, which is a rating dodging that represents a persons overall level of mental health.The classification system for mental disorders is comprehensive in covering various areas of mental disorders and symptomology. However, most studies that have assisted researchers in gathering the information included in the DSM were performed by homogenous researchers and did not include diverse study participants. Thus, applicability of the DSM to other cultures is disputed by professionals. Details about the inapplicability of occidental cultural values upon other cult ures are displayed in an article titled, Mental health issues for Asian Americans, by Lin and Cheung.4 In order to attempt to deflect this shortcoming, DSM collaborators resolved to include popular disorders of other cultures within the DSM. For example, the DSM incorporates Taijin kyofusho, a Japanese disorder described in an article titled, The place of culture in psychiatric diagnostics Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R.5 Although this cash advance is somewhat helpful, results of a study titled, The place of culture in DSM-IV, focused on better integrating diverse populations encourages statisticians to integrate multicultural issues into diagnostic systems.61.3One of the greatest struggles a mental health professional faces in diagnosing a thickening is differentiating which disorder a client may potentially have. Spitzer portrays this difficulty through research titled, The DSM-III-R field trial of tumultuous behavior disorders.7 The difficulty lies in categorizing symptoms int o only one disorder. For example, sleep disturbance is both a symptom of depression and anxiety. Although in that respect are notable difficulties in diagnosing a client, differentiation is an important component of diagnosing, and eventually in administrating the appropriate treatment. If a client is misdiagnosed due to lack of scrutiny during the respectment and diagnosis period, the results could be detrimental.2.1Mental illness is a complex subject with various facets. However, there is a major similarity in the mode of treatment options allowed to people suffering from mental illness. In many cases a persons quality of life can be sustained by managing the illness through therapeutic means and possibly psychotropic medical specialty. Regrettably, however, there are a percentage of people who may not receive the full benefits of treatment. An examination of the differences within mental illness is required in order to grasp a better fellow feeling of why this is so.Mental il lness is divided into two major categories neuroses and psychoses. Neuroses represent those mental illnesses that cause a person distress however, there is opportunity to amends the source of distress based on a persons level of insight into the illness. Mood, anxiety, attachment, eating, and personality disorders are some of the illnesses encapsulated chthonic the category of neuroses. Psychoses are similar to neuroses in that they also cause a level of distress that hampers daily functioning. Conversely, however, psychoses also encompass disorders that include psychoneurotic and hallucinatory features. In result, a person suffering from a psychosis lacks the insight to understand that these psychotic features are of a pathological character (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Disorders under the neuroses category include schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and psychotic disorder. While treatment options for neurotic disorders are vast and prognosis for long-term mental he alth possible, the outlook for treatment and prognosis of psychotic disorders is not optimistic in many cases, as suggested in the article, Recovery from mental illness.82.2Several types of psychopathological disorders have been identified over time. These disorders are now categorise in the DSM according to what areas of functioning are affected and symptomology. For instance, one category includes mood disorders. Bipolar Disorder, Anxiety Disorder and Depression are found under this heading because all of them affect mood. A second category, eating disorders, includes anorexia and bulimia. Psychotic Disorders are most severe and include disorders such as Schizophrenia and neurotic Disorder.Schizophrenia is one of the most studied psychotic disorders and deserves further explanation. Based on the DSM, criteria for diagnosing a person with the disorder are that it last for at least six months and contain at least one month of active-phase symptoms. These symptoms include one or mo re of the following delusions, hallucinations, disorganize speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms (such as affective flattening). Other symptomology that is common with Schizophrenia is severe social and occupational dysfunction, which incapacitates important daily life-time skills. Additionally, there are three subtypes that more clearly identify which symptoms are most prominent within individual sufferers Paranoid Schizophrenia causes the sufferer to experience delusions and hallucinations in a paranoid state. In result, the person may accuse another entity or person of wanting to harm the sufferer. Disorganized Schizophrenia is diagnosed when a client is having difficulty expressing himself properly. Both thought and speech may be disorganized and incomprehensible. A person with Catatonic Type Schizophrenia displays very little facial expressions, body movements or other normal physical movements and speech.Every clients symptoms and any appl icable subtype may vary. This variation within the disorder makes diagnosis and treatment a difficult task.3.1Based on the severity of symptomology, the forecast for effective treatment is not hopeful. However, some treatment options are available. One approach is called Psychosocial Rehabilitation, and is a popular form of treatment for sufferers of schizophrenia, as described in the study, Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems.9 This model consists of reintroducing clients to basic living skills in order to function in society and in effect, avoid being institutionalized, as stated in the study, Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization.10Additionally, the Humanistic Theory is utilized often with this population due to its introspective nature. Theorists who utilize this modality attempt to teach the client to become increasingly self-aware and take on insight into their behaviors and illness. The irony in using this approach is tha t it is precisely the type of treatment the client needs but has most difficulty applying.Medication is also used as a mode of treatment, mainly to decrease psychotic symptoms. In The Texas medicinal drug algorithm project, a study by Chiles et. al, the researchers created an algorithm for administering medication to patients with Schizophrenia.11 The article details the type of psychotropic medication that should be used, including a decision tree model for administration. The article also details various types of medication used with patients with Schizophrenia. Medication such as Risperidone and haloperidol is mainly used for psychotic symptoms while __________ is used for symptoms related to depressive symptoms as a result of the schizophrenia.3.2The types of therapy draw above can be relatively effective for clients with schizophrenia based on extensive research and application. However, some important factors regarding the implications of therapies and treatment should be co nsidered, curiously due to the nature of the clients symptoms.Most importantly, it is crucial that there be a positive client-therapist match. The therapist should have the ability to build ringing with the client, be knowledgeable about Schizophrenia, and remain professional in spite of irrational thoughts and processes displayed by the client. Moreover, the therapist should be invested in the client long-term, due to the nature of this type of therapy. There is no timeline for resolution of the clients problem in the case of Schizophrenia, but rather maintenance of well-being and management of symptoms. This dense therapeutic process could become increasingly frustrating. However, the onus is upon the therapist to handle this frustration with a sense of beneficence, thereby, remaining emotionally available and dedicated to the client. erstwhile a trusting relationship is established, it is important for the therapist to consider what therapies will realistically be effective. M any modalities can be used, such as group, family and individual therapy support groups and various others. However, great importance must be placed on the individual clients needs. As stated earlier, people who suffer from schizophrenia have very little insight into their behaviors and symptoms. It is important to address the clients current stressors in a practical and resourceful manner. For instance, if a therapist is dealing with someone who suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, a group setting may be difficult for this client.In many cases, medication is also employ as a treatment approach, although carefully. Though many of the recommended medication that exists for schizophrenia seems to work quite effectively, there are long-term side effects. Because schizophrenia is a life long disorder, medication may only make matters worse by igniting damaging side effects. Additionaly, it is important to know whether clients can accurately assess whether a certain medication is helpin g or hurting. At times, they may not be able to determine this objectively. Professionals have the responsibility of advocating for their clients so that clients are not misled or disadvantaged. Also, both clinicians and psychiatrists must collaborate closely due to for clients need for both medication and long term therapy. As several studies show, any of the two given alone would not be as effective (Chiles, 1999).Ultimately, professionals must make decisions that are most beneficial for the client. There is opportunity for this population to be taken advantage of quite easily due to their lack of understanding about their circumstances. Unfortunately, sometimes therapists decide not to revoke therapy even though they believe the client has learned appropriate life skills and does not need therapy at the time. Psychiatrists can prescribe medication to a client only because they are promoting a certain type at the time, although the medication might not be the most compatible. Due to disheartening situations such as these, it is important for professionals who are dedicated to the field to work beneficently for the client while considering the most practical and ethical modalities of treatment (Davison, 2003).BibliographyAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.Anthony WA. (1993). Recovery from mental illness the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and Research 2(3)17-24.Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 5069-74.Davison, G Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnormal Psychology with Cases, 9th Edition. California caper Wiley Sons, Inc.DeSisto MJ, Harding CM, McCormack RV, et al. (1995). The Maine and Vermont three-decade studies of serious mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 167331-342.Harding CM, Zahniser JH. (1994). Empirical correction of seven myths about schizophrenia with implications for treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 90140-146.Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. infirmary and Community Psychiatry 45347-350.Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1)19-28.Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50774-780.Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8)457-64.Rogler LH. (1996). Framing research on culture in psychiatric diagnosis the case of the DSM-IV. Psychiatry, 59(2)145-55.Roshel Lenroot, M.D., Juan R. Bustillo, M.D., John Lauriello, M.D. and Samuel J. Keith. (2003). Integration of Care Integrated Treatment of Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 541499-1507.Slone LB, Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de savior Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety.Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of youngster and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5) 690-7.Thakker J, Ward T. (1998). Culture and classification the cross-cultural application of the DSM-IV. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(5)501-29.Footnotes1 Slone LB, Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de Jesus Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety.2 Davison, G Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnormal Psychology With Cases, 9th Edition. California John Wiley Sons, Inc.3 American P sychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association.4 Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50774-780.5 Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1)19-28.6 Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8)457-64.7 Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5) 690-7.8 Anthony, W. (1993). Recovery from mental illness the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and Research 2(3)17-24.9 Barton, R. (1999). Psychosocial rehabilitation services in commu nity support systems a review of outcomes and policy recommendations. Psychiatric Services, 50525-534.10 Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. infirmary and Community Psychiatry 45347-350.11 Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 5069-74.

Capital Punishment Essay examples -- essays research papers

CAPITAL PUNISHMENTHundreds of murderers are put into jail and then let proscribed several years later. They say they have learned their lesson, but yet when they do get out they commit more crimes. Thus, sending them back into jail. The wholly way to make sure these ruthless murderers dont commit these crimes again is by capital punishment. As the Bible says, "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. " If someone commits a capital offense, they should receive a capital punishment, beca utilization the state wont have to pay for the guiltys aliveness in jail, it provides the most complete retribution and condemnation, and crime rate allow for begin to drop.     Not only should every state in America use the death penalty, it should also be done in a much quicker process. Following through with the punishments at a faster pace will cut down on the equals. Today, it costs approx. $34,400 per year for 50 years, at a 2% annual cost increase, plus $75, 000 for trial runs and appeals to house a criminal with career in prison house. This all adds up to about $3.01 million. The cost for a death penalty is $60,000 per year for 6 years, at 2% annual cost increase, plus $1.5 million for trials and appeals. This all adds up to be $1.88 million (www.geocities.com), there is no question that the up front costs of the death penalty are significantly higher than the life in prison costs. Yet, there is also no question that over time the costs for life in prison are much more expensive than the costs of the death penalty. If the government makes it so the criminal has less time to appeal their sentence, the $1.5 million used for appeals and trial will go down. Plus, with DNA technology, today, we can be 100% sure that the offender did commit a capital crime, therefore they will have no need for appeals. If the government is non 100% sure than they will not give them this sentence, mandating that they do not need to appeal. If they continue to improve our DNA interrogation and make the time allowed for appeals shorter, if any, than it should save lives, time, and money (www.prodeathpenalty.com).The ultimate penalty of death is necessary for the punishment of terrible crimes because it provides the most complete retribution and condemnation. The threat of feat is a major deterrent of crime. This is because death is so much more feared than the mere restrictions on ones... ...s and criminals are not dealt with fairly?     Capital punishment is reassert because there wont be worries about the state paying for criminals lifetime in jail, it will provide retribution and condemnation, and crime and murder rates will decrease. Using capital punishment prevents many unnecessary deaths and crimes. If we no longer use it deaths and crimes will increase, due to the fact that the consequences are not abominable enough to make the criminal think before they act. Capital punishment is justified Without this consequence for serious capital offenders our lives would be much different. The offenders would be sentenced to life in prison and would have abundant amounts of time to plan a way of escape. If they were successful they would have the opportunity to commit more serious crimes. If they were not successful, they would be spending endless amounts of time with other inmates and everyone knows what happens when someone spends too much time with someone. They begin to annoy each other, and if someone annoys a dotty criminal the outcome cannot be good To prevent all of this from happening, we must enforce the usage of capital punishment.

A Review of The Winters Tale by William Shakespeare :: Papers

A Review of The Winters Tale by William Shakespeare Before I actually saw The Winters Tale, I was apprehensive about whether I would be commensurate to follow the play or whether I would be confused, as it would be using the Shakespearian wrangle. I also wondered whether and how the 6th Form and the director had create the play to try and involve the audience more, as there was a language barrier. The play was going to be performed by the Sixth Form in the school hall, so this gave me a knowing that it would not be a very effective performance as it was performed by amateurs. Also, the fact that it was performed by the Sixth Form meant that I knew some of the actors, so it would be more difficult for me to see those people as the characters they played. While waiting outside for the performance to begin, a newspaper boy came around offering Newspapers saying Read all about it, read all about it. He was in Victorian time costume, which gave me the i mpression that this performance would be very old-fashioned and, in some ways, not as easy to follow because of this. The fact that he was in costume also made me feel as if we, the audience, were part of the play, and more involved, because we were interacting with a character from the play. The newspaper that the newsboy gave out was also a very effective thing to bridge the language barrier between the characters and us as it gave a basic introduction to what the play was about. According to the newspaper given to us, the play itself had two main plots and a side plot. One plot was set in Sicilia and told of how the Queen had died because of accusations from the King of her having an affair with his old friend the King of Bohemia and how Mamillius, their son, had also died after the King had chosen to ignore the oracle sent from Apollo to say that the Queen was not guilty.